A case-control study on the association between a healthy lifestyle and obesity among adult twins in Shanghai / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To investigate the associations between the numbers of healthy lifestyles and overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity in adult twins in Shanghai. Methods: Based on the Shanghai Twin Registry System Phase Ⅱ survey data in 2017-2018, a case-control study was conducted to analyze the association between healthy lifestyles and obesity and further adjusted for confounders by a co-twin control study. Results: A total of 7 864 adult twins (3 932 pairs) were included. In the co-twin case-control analysis for monozygotic twins, compared with participants with 0 to 2 healthy lifestyles, those with 3 and 4 to 5 healthy lifestyles had a 49% (OR=0.51, 95%CI: 0.28-0.93) and 70% (OR=0.30, 95%CI: 0.13-0.69) lower risk of overweight/obesity, respectively, and a 17% (OR=0.83, 95%CI: 0.44-1.57) and 66% (OR=0.34, 95%CI: 0.14-0.80) lower risk of abdominal obesity, respectively. For each additional healthy lifestyle, the risk of developing overweight/obesity was reduced by 41% (OR=0.59, 95%CI: 0.42-0.85), and the risk of developing abdominal obesity was reduced by 37% (OR=0.63, 95%CI: 0.44-0.90). Conclusion: An increasing number of healthy lifestyles was associated with a marked decreased risk for both overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity.

Occupational Health Risk Assessment of Benzene, Toluene, and Xylene in Shanghai / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Objective@#This study was designed to conduct a retrospective and systematic occupational health risk assessment (OHRA) of enterprises that used benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) in Shanghai, China.@*Methods@#All data for the study were obtained from 1,705 occupational health examination and evaluation reports from 2013 to 2017, and a semiquantitative model following Chinese OHRA guidelines (GBZ/T 298-2017) was applied for the assessment.@*Results@#The selected enterprises using BTX were mainly involved in manufacturing of products. Using the exposure level method, health risk levels associated with exposure to BTX were classified as medium, negligible, or low. However, the risk levels associated with benzene and toluene were significantly different according to job types, with gluers and inkers exhibiting greater health risks. For the same job type, the health risk levels assessed using the comprehensive index method were higher than those using the exposure level method.@*Conclusion@#Our OHRA reveals that workers who are exposed to BTX still face excessive health risk. Additionally, the risk level varied depending on job categories and exposure to specific chemicals. Therefore, additional control measures recommended by OHRA guidelines are essential to reduce worker exposure levels.

Surveillance on iodine nutritional status among target population in Shanghai / 上海预防医学

Objective To ascertain iodine nutritional status of pregnant women and children in Shanghai since the implementation of "Salt Iodine Content Standard" in 2011.Methods By population proportion probability sampling,30 sub-districts(towns) were chosen,with one primary school was randomly sampled in eachsub-districts(towns).And 50 students aged 8-10 in every school were randomly selected to test their urinary iodine and thyroid volume,and their household iodized salt concentration determined.And 20 pregnant women were selected to test their urinary iodine in each sub-districts(towns).Results The goiter rate of 8-10 aged children was 0.9%.The medians of urinary iodine concentration of 8-10 aged children and pregnant women were 171.40 μg/L and 126.53 μg/L,respectively.The consumption rates of qualified iodized salt were 72.52%.The median of iodine content concentration in salt was 24.8 mg/kg.Conclusion In Shanghai,the goiter rate of children was lower than that of the national standard.Iodine nutritional status of children was proper,but the pregnant women were deficient in iodine nutrition.Therefore,iodized salt concentration should be improved to the optimal level.Health education for pregnant women should be strengthened.

Comprehensive assessment on iodine nutrition and dietary iodine intake among Shanghai residents / 上海预防医学

Objective To assess the changes in iodine status and dietary iodine intake among Shanghai residents since common salt was iodized 20 years ago.Methods As-CE Catalysis spectrophotometry was used to determinate the urine iodine level in school-age children,pregnant women,wet nurse and adults of Shanghai between 1995 and 2015.B ultrasonic was used to determinate the thyroid volume of school-age children.And then the goiter rate was calculated.Direct titration or arbitration methods were applied to detect the household salt iodine level quantitatively.The survey was conducted by using 3 days 24-hour dietary questionnaire and condiment weighing methods to analyze the level of iodine intake and sources for the cases of all iodized salt consumption and all consumption of non-iodized salt.Results The median urine iodine concentration (UIC) of school age children was 72.3 μg/L in 1995,rose to 214-231 μg/L from 1997-1999,and then became stable between 100 μg/L and 200 μg/L since 2002.The goiter rate was below 5% among children aged 8-10 from 1995-2015 in Shanghai.The median urine iodine of pregnant women was between 126.5 μg/L and 139.8 μg/L.The median UIC of other populations were all between 100 μg/L and 200 μg/L: with adults,lactating women,infants and young children and women of childbearing age,the median urinary iodine was 138.4,123.1-131.1,150.1 and 125.6 μg/L.The qualified iodized salt at household consumption rate was 90% from 2001 to 2009,the percentage declined year by year from 2010.In the cases of all taking iodine salt,the median iodine intake volume for male aged 7-10,11-13,14-18 and over 18 was 200.3,235.5,252.7 and 215.4 μg/L;women aged 7-10,11-13,14-18 and over 18 was 193.0,213.8,208.3 and 186.1 μg/L.The contribution rate of iodine salt in the diet were 51.6%-54.1% and 49.1%-53% in men and women.Kelp,seaweed and fish and shrimp on the contribution of iodine are 7.6%-16.6% and 4.5%-7.4%.Conclusion In the past about 20 years,iodine nutritional status of residents in Shanghai has stabilized totally in a appropriate and safe level.However,the iodine nutrition of pregnant women was insufficient.As iodized salt is the major source of dietary iodine in coastal areas,it is still necessary to continue the policy of universal salt iodized in Shanghai to ensure residents'' needs for iodine and control the risk of iodine deficiency.

Thyroid nodular diseases in the population indergoing medical examination and the analysis of its relative factors in Dalian City,Liaoning Province / 中国地方病学杂志

Objective To investigate the characteristics about the prevalence of thyroid nodules detected on color Doppler uhrasonography(US) in people residing in Dalian City who undergo regular physical examinations, as well as its relative factors. Methods All thyroid sonographic and questionair procedures were performed in the 6020 people above 18-year-old living in the four districts of Dalian City for at least 5 years, who were examined at the department of health medical center of Dalian Municipal Central Hospital from May 2006 to March 2007. Urinary iodine concentration was measured in 2039 healthy adults selected by age layers in our study population. Moreover, urinary iodine concentrations were determined in 220 children aged 8-10 years old who were randomly chosen from four communities (55 children per elementary school from each community). The analysis of logistic regression was conducted for the risk factors linked to thyroid nodules. Results The prevalence of thyroid nodules in the 6020 adults was 38.5%(2319/6020), in which nodules sized between 0.3 and up to 0.5 cm were found in 17.1% (1030/6020), and those above 0.5 cm in 21.4% (1289/6020). Ultrsonography revealed solitary nodules in 17.2% (1036/6020), multinodular goiter in 21.3% (1283/6020). Fifty-four point nine percent (1272/2319) thyroid nodules showed solid internal echographic structures, 30.2%(701/2319) mixed and 14.9%(346/2319). The thyroid nodule detected rate in female individuals was 46.1% (1102/2393), among whom multinodular goiter [59.1% (651/1102)] was more than solitary nodules[40.9(451/1102)] in female; while only 33.6%(1217/3627) of male were detected to have thyroid nodule, there was a difference between the genders (χ2=95,079,P<0.01). The mediam urinary iodine concentration(MUI) was 184.32 μg/L in children and 216.75 μg/L in the health adults, moreover, it was 216.55 μg/L and 217.00 μg/L in the people with thyroid nodules and those without nodules without a significant difference (P>0.05). The rate of thyroid nodules gradually increased with age(χ2=344.998, P<0.01). The occurance of thyroid nodules was significant associated with gender and age(P<0.01). Conclusions The nutritional iodine intake in the four communities of Dalian City are adequate. The prevalence of thyroid incidentalomas is relatively high in this group of people receiving medical examination.

Restorative effects of zinc and selenium on cadmium-induced kidney oxidative damage in rats / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate whether cadmium-induced oxidative stress in the kidney is influenced by zinc and selenium.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Five groups of rats were maintained: (A) Cd (CdCl2, 400 micrograms.kg-1.day-1 intraperitoneal injection); (B) Cd + Zn (ZnCl2, 20 mg.kg-1.day-1 hypodermic injection); (C) Cd + Se (Na2SeO3, 350 micrograms.kg-1.day-1 via a stomach tube); (D) Cd + Zn + Se; (E) treated with physiological saline as a sham-handled control. The rats were given treatment for a period of 4 weeks. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GH-Px), catalase (CAT), and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the kidney tissue were measured to assess the oxidative stress. Urinary lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was used as an indicator of tubular cell damage caused by lipid peroxidation.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In group C and D, activities of SOD (110.5 +/- 5.2, 126.8 +/- 7.0; P < 0.05) and GSH-Px (85.7 +/- 4.9, 94.6 +/- 7.3; P < 0.05) were higher than those in group A (84.7 +/- 3.3; 56.9 +/- 3.8); and in group B, only the activity of GSH-Px (80.0 +/- 4.3, P < 0.01) increased in comparison with that in group A (56.9 +/- 3.8). Significant increase of MDA (P < 0.05) was seen in group B (31.1 +/- 4.7) and C (35.0 +/- 4.1) when compared with control values (17.2 +/- 1.8). No difference was found in the level of MDA between group D (18.9 +/- 2.6) and control. The activity of LDH in urine of control group (0.06 +/- 0.02) was lower than that of group A (0.46 +/- 0.19, P < 0.05), B (0.10 +/- 0.05, P < 0.05) and C (0.14 +/- 0.07, P < 0.05), and there was no significant change between control (0.06 +/- 0.02) and group D (0.08 +/- 0.02).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Zinc or selenium could partially alleviate the oxidative stress induced by cadmium in kidney, but administration cadmium in combination with zinc and selenium efficiently protects kidney from cadmium-induced oxidative damage.</p>